NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN
LANGUAGES
DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNANCE &
PUBLIC POLICY
ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE
“CASE STUDY”
ON
“THE STATE OF
E-GOVERNANCE IN THE FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL.”
SUBMITTED TO: PROFESSOR MAJ. GEN. (RETD.) OVAIS MUSHTAQ.
BY:
MUHAMMAD SHEHZAD (CR-GPP-1) AND SALAHUDDIN (GPP-1).
INDEX OF PROJECT
1. Introduction
2. Aim/
Objective of undertaking the study.
3. Brief
review of the Federative Republic of Brazil
4. Teething
troubles experienced in initiation of e Government and how handled/ overcome
5. Areas
of focus
6. The
levels of e Governance achieved.
7. Major
successes
8. Failures
9. Lessons
that Pakistan can learn from the experiences of introducing and furthering of e
Governance in Brazil.
–
INTRODUCTION.
The role of ICT and e-Governance has been recognized all
over the globe for good governance. Application of Information Communication Technology
is an emerging strategy by the governments for provision of better services to
the citizens. The international community and main donor agencies like UN,
World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) has influenced the countries
around the world to adopt the ICT and eradicate the digital divide among the
developed and developing or under developed countries.
–
AIM/
OBJECTIVE OF UNDERTAKING THE STUDY.
Brazil being a major emerging power on the world scene
also has a bid to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council. Brazil
is working towards a better economic and governance situation in the country.
Hence they are working for e-governance as a tool for good governance.
Therefore, the study of state of e-governance in Brazil will be of great
benefit to us as students of governance.
–
BRIEF REVIEW OF THE FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL.
Brazil officially the Federative Republic of Brazil is
the largest country in both South
America and the Latin
America region. It is
the world's fifth largest country (47%
of Latin America), both by area and by population,
with over 193 million people It
is the largest Lusophone
(Portuguese-speaking.) country in the
world, and the only one in the Americas.
Brazil
current Constitution, formulated in
1988, defines Brazil as a federal republic. The Federation is formed by the
union of the Federal District, the 26 States,
and the 5,564 Municipalities. The Brazilian
economy is the world's seventh largest by nominal GDP and the seventh largest by purchasing power parity, as of
2012. A member of the BRIC group, Brazil has one of the world's
fastest growing major economies, and its economic reforms have given the
country new international recognition and influence. Brazil is a founding member of the United
Nations, the G20,CPLP, Latin
Union, the Organization of
Ibero-American States, the Organization of
American States, Mercosul and the Union of South
American Nations. Brazil is
considered a middle
power in international
affairs, and has been identified as an emerging
power. Basic information about Brazil is tabulated
below:-
|
Capital
|
||
|
-
|
||
|
-
|
||
|
-
|
Total
|
|
|
-
|
2012 estimate
|
193,946,886
|
|
GDP (nominal)
|
2012 estimate
|
|
|
-
|
Total
|
|
|
-
|
Per capita
|
|
|
HDI (2012)
|
||
|
Currency
|
||
RANK
IN E–GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT INDEX 2012.
|
Country
|
E-Government
2012
|
Rank
2012 |
Rank
2010 |
Rank Change
|
|
0.6167
|
59
|
61
|
+2
 |
POSITION IN SOUTH
(LATIN ) AMERICA CONTINENT.
|
Country
|
E-Government
2012
|
Rank
2012 |
Rank
2010 |
Rank Change
|
|
0.6167
|
59
|
61
|
+2
|
|
|
Source:
United Nations E-Government Survey 2012
|
||||
–
TEETHING TROUBLES EXPERIENCED IN INITIATION OF E
GOVERNMENT AND HOW HANDLED/ OVERCOME.
Brazil faced following Difficulties to implement e- Governance:-
•Huge digital divide … due to the huge social exclusion.
•Difficult to have the CEO as a sponsor of ICT
initiatives.
•Legislation and regulatory issues not adequate.
•Lack of feasibility studies to show cost- benefits and
ROI of e- Governance.
•Information systems and network integration.
•Heterogeneous governmental ICT infra- structure.
•Low educational level of the population.
•Low computer utilization rate.
·
Creation
of government strategies to utilize ICT to promote a democratic modernization
process of the public administration
·
Combine
the availability of technology, resources and qualified people with the
enormous social disparity
–
AREAS OF FOCUS
Brazil focused on following four (04) main areas:-
1.
First
implement the services according to user’s needs (not to government’s or the
easiest to implement)
2.
Integration
of the federal government with state and local levels
3.
Encourage
the development of Brazilian solutions
4.
Optimize
the utilization of the available ICT infra- structure to lower the transaction
costs
–
THE LEVELS OF E GOVERNANCE ACHIEVED.
In pursuit of the above focus Brazilian govt. took
following initiatives:-
•Promotion of the citizenship
•Digital Inclusion and e- Governance are inseparable
•Use of Free Software as a strategic resource
•Knowledge Management as a strategic instrument of management
of public policies
•Rationalization of resources
•Utilization of policies, regulations and standards
•Integration to the other levels of government (state and
local) and with the other powers (legislative and judiciary)
E-MAG - ACCESSIBILITY
MODEL OF ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT.
The
Accessibility Model of Electronic Government (e-MAG) consists of a set of
recommendations to be considered for the process of access to the sites and
portals of the Brazilian government is conducted in a standardized and easy to
implement. The E-MAG is consistent with the Brazilian needs and in accordance
with international standards. Was
formulated to guide professionals who have contact with publication of
information or services on the Internet to develop, modify and / or adapt
pages, sites and portals, making them accessible to as many people as possible.
The first version of the e-MAG was released for public consultation on 18
January 2005 and version 2.0 now with the proposed amendments, on 14 December
the same year. In 2007, Ordinance No. 3, May 7, institutionalized and MAG in
the System Administration Resources Information Technology - SISP, making its
observance binding sites and portals on the Brazilian government.
E-PWG - WEB STANDARDS IN ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT
Web Standards
in Electronic Government (e-PWG) are best practice recommendations grouped
format booklets with the aim of improving communication and provision of
information and services electronically by federal government agencies. The
adoption of standards brings many advantages in managing sites as the guarantee
of the quality level, as it allows the measurement of results. It also provides requirements for
correct recruitment team / company to develop / maintain the site. Moreover, the standardization of these
environments accelerates the process of adaptation and migration to newer
technologies.
Objectives
- Establish quality standards of use, design,
information architecture and navigation;
- Establish a flow of creation, development and maintenance
in the management of government sites;
- Consolidate accessibility;
- Create artifacts in accordance with standards
established by the W3C.
BROADBAND
/ INFOWAY
For a country
to conquer your space in the digital world needs to provide its citizens with
the optimization of the resources of the network infrastructure and the
implementation of government policies and programs in areas such as education,
health, security, trade and services. The theme broadband is of great
importance in the digital inclusion policies of the Federal Government, because
the availability of the Internet with proper speed will create opportunities,
de-concentration and income primarily incorporate citizens excluded from this
service.
·
National Broadband Plan
- PNBL
The Federal government has a fundamental role in the process of
digital inclusion and aims to spread the access to broadband Internet in Brazil
for citizens, government institutions, civil society organizations and
businesses through the National
Broadband Plan.
To democratize broadband, taking it especially for the most
marginalized regions, the government intends to reduce the cost of service and
increase the speed of the currently available bandwidth, which contributes to
the information, services and opportunities offered by this technological
medium are distributed and accessed by all.
·
BACKHAUL
Network Infrastructure Support for Fixed Broadband Connection in
Municipalities - Due to a new universal service obligation established by the
Federal Government, through Decree
No. 6.424/2008 ,
telephone operators will take infrastructure for connecting band Internet wide
- the backhaul - for all municipalities by 2010.
·
INFOWAY BRASILIA
To ensure greater security and flexibility in the transmission of
data, voice and image, deploy new services and reduce costs, the Federal
Government implemented a high-speed network in Brasilia. The buildings are connected by fibre
optics, which allows the government to speed data transmission of 1Gbps
(gigabits per second). This
represents an increase of approximately one hundred times the capacity of data
transmission. This infrastructure has introduced new multimedia services to
network users, such as Voice over IP, network interconnection and
videoconferencing. Currently,
Infoway has 144 connection points in several federal buildings located in
Brasilia.
OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA
The Open
Government Data is a methodology for publishing government data in reusable
formats, aimed at increasing transparency and greater political participation
by citizens, and generate various applications developed collaboratively by
society. Born in 2009, Open Data , as it is known in English, moves
communities worldwide to collect public information from governments. Thus citizens can contribute to the
processes of government and social control policies. In Brazil, various organs
of government already publish their data on the web, in the form of reports and
statements for citizens to monitor the results of government actions.
Effects
of open government data on public policy
- Inclusion: Provide
data in standardized formats open and accessible allows any citizen to use
any software tool to adapt them to your needs.
- Transparency: public
sector information open and accessible to improve transparency, because
stakeholders can use them in the manner most appropriate to its purpose.
- Responsibility: The
appropriate sets of open data, properly linked, can offer various views on
the performance of the government in fulfilling its public policy goals.
What
is open data
According to
the definition of the Open
Knowledge Foundation ,
the data are considered open when: Anyone can freely use them, reuse them and
redistributes them, subject to a maximum requirement of credit your authorship
and share Alike License and is subject to a maximum requirement of credit your
authorship and Share Alike. This is usually satisfied by publishing data in
open format and under an open license .
The
eight principles
In 2007, a working
group of the Open
Government Data gathered in California, United States of America, to define the
principles of Open Government Data. Reached a consensus on the following eight
principles :
- Complete. All
public data are available. Data
is electronically recorded information, including but not limited to,
documents, databases, transcripts and audio-visual recordings. Public data is data that is not
subject to limitations valid privacy, security or access control,
regulated by statutes.
- Primary. Data
are published as collected at the source, with the finest possible
granularity, not in aggregate or transformed.
- Current. Data
are available how quickly is necessary to preserve its value.
- Accessible. Data
are available for the widest possible audience and for purposes as varied
as possible.
- Machine-processable. Data
is reasonably structured to allow automated processing you.
- Non-discriminatory
access. Data
are available to everyone, without requiring identification or registration.
- Non-proprietary
formats. Data
available in a format sorbet which no entity has exclusive control.
- Free
licenses. Data are not subject to regulations of
copyright, trademark, patent or trade secret. Restrictions Reasonable
privacy, security and access control can be allowed as regulated by
statutes.
In addition,
the group stated that compliance with these principles need to be verified, and
a person should be designated as responsible for the contact data.
ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT
The federal
government provides systems implementation and monitoring of electronic
procurement, supplier registration and various information about bids,
contracts, procurement processes for goods and travel and per diem of the
Federal Public Administration.
- Sustainable
Procurement
- Margin of
Preference
- Regime
Differentiated Contracts - RDC
- System
Concession and Cheap Daily - SCDP
- Statistics
for Public Procurement
Integrated General Services Administration - SIASG
The Integrated
General Services Administration - SIASG, established by Decree No. 1,094 , of March 23, 1994, is the
computerized system to support operational activities of the General Services
System - SISG. Its purpose is to
integrate the organs of direct federal public administration, autonomous
agencies and foundations. The SIASG is the system where operations are carried
out of government procurement agencies comprising the SISG (direct federal
public administration, local government and foundations). The system includes the dissemination
and implementation of the bids, the issuance of commitment, the record of
administrative contracts, the cataloguing of materials and services and
suppliers list. The organs that are not part of SISG SIASG can use, in whole or
in specific modules through formal membership for use of the system by signing
the accession. The request for access to modules SIASG is formalized as model
in Annex I of Decree No. 16 of March 27, 2012.
SHOPPING PORTAL OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT - ComprasNet
The portal ComprasNet,
managed by the Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management - PBM, is available
for conducting electronic processes procurement and provision of information
relating to bids and contracts promoted by direct federal public
administration, autonomous agencies and foundations. ComprasNet can be
performed by the bids provided in Law No. 8,666 , of June 21, 1993 (calls, sockets and
price competition), the sessions and electronic quotes. On the site www.comprasnet.gov.br notices
may be consulted and followed the bidding by society. They are also
available publications, legislation and information on contracts undertaken and
supplier registration, among others.
In the portal,
suppliers may have access to various services, such as the request for
registration in the Unified Registration System Suppliers - SICAF, obtaining
bids, participation in electronic processes to acquire goods and service
procurement, among others. On the
main ComprasNet can make the register, obtain login and password to use the
services available to suppliers, among which receive notices of bids and
quotations by email.
ELECTRONIC TRADING
The electronic
trading done in portal
ComprasNet is
regulated by Decree
No. 5450 of 31 May
2005. The method has many
advantages for the administration, among which stand out the speed, transparency,
economy and reducing operating costs. In addition, electronic trading allows
the monitoring of its implementation by the company brings more competitiveness
and security providers - which are not revealed until the end of the public
session held by the internet - and democratizes access to government
procurement by enterprises, especially those of small.
UNIFIED
REGISTRATION SYSTEM SUPPLIERS - SICAF
SICAF SIASG is
the subsystem that aims to register and enable individuals or entities
interested in participating in bids held by agencies and entities of the
Federal Public Administration direct, autonomous agencies and foundations. The
system extends the shopping of the federal government and allows performance
monitoring of registered suppliers. To perform the registration, which has no
cost to the user, you must access the site
www.comprasnet.gov.br ,
click on the "free access" and the option "SICAF". On the homepage of the SICAF, the
system provides the functionality "Query", "Publications"
and "Restricted Access". Done
the registration, it is necessary to validate it with any registration unit of
the Federal Government located in the various units of the federation. A list of these, with their addresses,
is available at www.comprasnet.gov.br>
free access> SICAF> query .
Enrolment in SICAF waiver resubmission of documents submitted by the supplier
for the renewal of registration, and allows attest, through consultation online
automatically, the tax compliance certificates and social security, which are
conditions for participation in bidding; this makes it unnecessary to prove the
paper documentation.
COVENANTS
Agreement is
agreement or arrangement that governs the transfer of funds from appropriations
made in Budgets Fiscal and Social Security of the Union Participate in this
agreement, on the one hand, agency or entity of the Federal Government,
directly or indirectly, and, on the other hand, agency or entity of state
government, district or municipal, directly or indirectly, or even private non-profit
aiming at implementing the government program, involving the completion of
project, activity, service, purchasing goods or event of mutual interest, under
a mutual cooperation.
To give more
visibility and control over social resources volunteers passed on to states,
municipalities and private non-profit, was created Portal Covenants of
the Federal Government -
the SICONV. The use of SICONV for the celebration and release of funds,
monitoring the implementation and accountability of the agreements, transfer
agreements and terms of partnership agreements with funds transferred
voluntarily by the Union, is mandatory since 1 September 2008.The portal is
managed by the Department of Strategic Information Management (DGEI), the
Secretariat of Logistics and Information Technology (SLTI) of the Ministry of
Planning, Budget and Management and the entire process of accreditation and
registration of tenders should be through this environment.
GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNMENT
Public
Software Portal
The Brazilian
Public Software Portal inaugurated a new stage in the development policy of
free software in Brazil. The
initiative introduces a new licensing model, management and rules for making
the solutions developed by the Public Administration and the network society
partners.
4CMBr
- Community, Knowledge, Collaboration and sharing of Brazilian Municipalities
It is the
community of the Brazilian Public Software Portal to stimulate the use of free
software in the municipalities, in addition to offering various free programs
for the public administration, which can be copied and modified, reducing the
cost of buying solutions. The
project offers also support digital inclusion programs, success stories in
Brazilian cities, mayor’s interest publications, and other initiatives.
I3Gov
- Integration and Intelligence Information Governance
It is an
initiative that aims to implement reference architecture for interoperability
of systems for integration of computerized systems for Government; exchange
data on a large scale and offer a catalogue of web services. https://i3gov.planejamento.gov.br/
DIGITAL INCLUSION
Electronic
government also operates through digital inclusion for citizens to exercise
their political participation in the knowledge society. Initiatives in this area aim to ensure
the dissemination and use of information technologies and communication geared
towards social, economic, political, cultural, environmental and technological,
people-cantered, especially in communities and excluded groups.
INTEROPERABILITY
In today's
world, the rapid advancement of information technologies requires the State to
conduct its work and provision of efficient, modern and integrated. In this
context, interoperability technology, processes, information and data is
essential in offering quality services, is an example to governments across the
world and how important foundation for the concepts of e-Government, e-Gov. Interoperability
is not only system integration not only networking integration. Reference not
only data exchange between systems and does not include simply setting
technology. Sum of all these
factors, considering the existence of legacy systems, hardware platforms and
software installed. To conquer that interoperability requires a continuous
effort of the people to ensure that systems, processes and culture of an
organization are managed and targeted to maximize opportunities for exchange
and reuse of information, both internally and externally to the federal
government.
FREE SOFTWARE
Free software
is a strategic choice of the Federal Government to reduce costs, increase
competition, create jobs and develop knowledge and skill in the area of the
country. To encourage the use of free software, the State promotes actions for
the use of open standards, licensing of free software and training to
communities interested in the topic.
OTHER INITIATIVES:-
•Annual
Income Tax Declaration submission
•Over
96% sent by Internet
•More
than 60 types of documents
•Total
receiving time from days to 2,4 seconds.
|
•Since 1988
•Used by more than 100 millions of voters (all 27
states)
•Very fast vote counting process
–
FAILURES
a)
Repressed
demand unattended.
b)
Help
decrease the elevated cost of doing business in Brazil.
c)
Increase
competitively.
d)
Reduce
costs of the government and the costs of interacting with it.
e)
Reduce
bureaucracy (152 days to open a firm as compared to 28 in Chile and 4 in USA).
f)
Help
accelerate justice processes
g)
Reduction
of the opportunities for corruption (e- procurement, transparency, etc)
h)
ICT
for the socio- economic development
i)
Interaction
between government and society is intense
j)
Strategic
information and knowledge management
–
LESSONS THAT PAKISTAN CAN LEARN FROM THE EXPERIENCES OF
INTRODUCING AND FURTHERING OF E GOVERNANCE IN BRAZIL.
Pakistan has a very good e- governance strategy and
National ICT policies. However, the main difference between Pakistan and Brazil
is the implementation of the policies. Thus Pakistan can learn from the
implementation part of the Brazilian state of e- Governance. The electronic
voting, in particular, can be taken as an example for replicated in Pakistan.
References:
Ø
Global
e- Government for Development Conference -University of Maryland – USA -22-
23/ 03/
2006
Ø
Electronic
Government in Brazil (http://www.governoeletronico.gov.br/).
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